Cancer de Mama: A Comprehensive Overview by the World Health Organization (WHO)
Understanding cancer de mama, or breast cancer, is crucial for early detection and effective treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) provides a wealth of information on this prevalent form of cancer. Let’s delve into the details of breast cancer, its symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, as outlined by the WHO.
Understanding Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a disease in which cells in the breast grow abnormally and rapidly. These cells can form a mass called a tumor. The WHO states that breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases diagnosed in 2020.
Symptoms and Signs
Recognizing the symptoms and signs of breast cancer is essential for early detection. According to the WHO, common symptoms include a lump or thickening in the breast, change in the size or shape of the breast, dimpling of the skin, nipple retraction, discharge from the nipple, and redness or scaliness of the nipple or breast skin.
Risk Factors
Several risk factors contribute to the development of breast cancer. The WHO highlights the following key risk factors:
| Risk Factor | Description |
|---|---|
| Gender | Being female is the most significant risk factor for breast cancer. |
| Age | The risk of breast cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in women over 50. |
| Family History | A personal or family history of breast cancer increases the risk. |
| Genetic Factors | Genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, can increase the risk of breast cancer. |
| Menstrual and Reproductive Factors | Early menstruation, late menopause, and having no children or having them later in life can increase the risk. |
| Obesity | Being overweight or obese increases the risk of breast cancer. |
| Alcohol Consumption | Regular alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. |
Diagnosis
Diagnosing breast cancer involves a combination of physical examinations, imaging tests, and biopsies. The WHO recommends the following diagnostic methods:
- Mammography: An X-ray examination of the breast to detect abnormalities.
- Ultrasound: A non-invasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of the breast.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): A powerful magnet and radio waves to create detailed images of the breast.
- Biopsy: Removal of a tissue sample for examination under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
Treatment
The treatment for breast cancer depends on various factors, including the stage of the cancer, the type of cancer, and the patient’s overall health. The WHO outlines the following treatment options:
- Surgery: Removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue.
- Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to kill cancer cells.
- Radiotherapy: Use of high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells.
- Hormonal Therapy: Use of drugs to block the effects of hormones that can fuel the growth of breast cancer cells.
- Targeted Therapy: Use of drugs that target specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells.
Prevention
While some risk factors for breast cancer cannot be changed, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk. The WHO suggests the following preventive measures:
- Limit alcohol consumption.
